围压-孔压改变条件下致密砂岩及泥页岩泊松比变化特征及机制     

杜书恒  梁耀欢  师永民  关平 《地学前缘》2021,28(1):411-419

在围压(外压)或孔压(内压)发生变化的条件下,致密砂岩及泥页岩泊松比的变化特征及机制仍有待厘清。本研究从Terzaghi有效应力理论和国内学者提出的新有效应力概念出发,基于松辽盆地高台子组致密砂岩、青山口组泥页岩三向动、静态泊松比测定结果,剖析了两类岩石泊松比的变化特征及机制。岩石样品三向泊松比变化曲线的分布呈现显著的各向异性,这将对压裂缝的延展规律产生一定的影响;就“有效应力”概念厘定的科学性而言,“Terzaghi有效应力”适用于裂缝较为发育的储层,而“新有效应力”适用于孔隙度较大且分布较为均匀的泥页岩。结论将为致密油气的有效开发提供较为重要的理论依据。  相似文献   

陆面过程模式BCC_AVIM中地表覆盖数据现状     

周文艳  罗勇  史学丽  李伟平  张艳武 《气象》2019,45(10):1476-1482

地表覆盖是陆面和气候模式中的一个重要基础数据。以陆面过程模式BCC_AVIM为例,介绍模式中的地表覆盖数据变量、数据分辨率、不同类型数据的来源,重点比较分类方法差异巨大且类型众多的植被覆盖。综述比较了国际和国内常用的几套全球地表覆盖数据的来源、分类系统和分类方法以及空间分辨率,根据陆面过程模式的地表覆盖数据需求,确定不同全球土地覆盖数据在模式中的应用方法,讨论分析了全球地表覆盖产品在模式应用中存在的差距,提出不同遥感数据产品之间一致性较差的可能解决方案,探讨遥感数据产品在模式中应用的可能方式,以期更好地发挥全球地表覆盖数据产品的作用。  相似文献   

南方涛动年际变化与夏季亚澳季风环流及海洋性大陆区域气候异常的联系          下载免费PDF全文

张萌萌  管兆勇  张奔奔 《大气科学学报》2019,42(1):36-45

利用美国NOAA卫星观测的SOI(Southern Oscillation Index,南方涛动指数)资料以及NCEP/NCAR、CMAP月平均资料,采用相关分析等方法,研究了南方涛动年际变化与夏季亚澳季风环流及海洋性大陆区域气候异常的联系。结果表明:南方涛动具有显著的年际变化特征,这种年际变化对夏季亚澳季风区及海洋性大陆区域的环流、降水及温度异常有重要影响。当SOI正位相时,赤道以南的澳大利亚东部地区以及西北太平洋海域高层为气旋,低层为反气旋,赤道地区的东部太平洋低层为辐散中心,高层为辐合中心,有利于下沉运动维持;加里曼丹岛附近低层辐合,高层辐散,有利于上升运动维持;海洋性大陆地区降水为显著的正异常,东亚地区降水存在较弱的正异常;海洋性大陆地区以及我国青藏高原到东海一带温度为正异常,孟加拉湾及印度半岛区域温度为负异常。  相似文献   

Progress in Semi-arid Climate Change Studies in China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jianping HUANG  Jieru MA  Xiaodan GUAN  Yue LI  Yongli HE 《大气科学进展》2019,36(9):922-937

This article reviews recent progress in semi-arid climate change research in China.Results indicate that the areas of semiarid regions have increased rapidly during recent years in China,with an increase of 33%during 1994-2008 compared to 1948-62.Studies have found that the expansion rate of semi-arid areas over China is nearly 10 times higher than that of arid and sub-humid areas,and is mainly transformed from sub-humid/humid regions.Meanwhile,the greatest warming during the past 100 years has been observed over semi-arid regions in China,and mainly induced by radiatively forced processes.The intensity of the regional temperature response over semi-arid regions has been amplified by land-atmosphere interactions and human activities.The decadal climate variation in semi-arid regions is modulated by oceanic oscillations,which induce land-sea and north-south thermal contrasts and affect the intensities of westerlies,planetary waves and blocking frequencies.In addition,the drier climates in semi-arid regions across China are also associated with the weakened East Asian summer monsoon in recent years.Moreover,dust aerosols in semi-arid regions may have altered precipitation by affecting the local energy and hydrological cycles.Finally,semi-arid regions in China are projected to continuously expand in the 21st century,which will increase the risk of desertification in the near future.  相似文献   

华南地区7-10月两类区域性极端降水事件特征及环流异常对比   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

孙婧超  管兆勇  李明刚  于亚鑫 《气象学报》2019,77(1):43-57

利用1981—2016年7—10月中国753站逐日降水资料、气象信息综合分析处理系统（MICAPS）逐日站点降水资料、日本东京台风中心西北太平洋热带气旋（TC）最佳路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料集,分析了华南地区区域性日降水极端事件（RDPE事件）的统计特征及环流异常。根据华南地区RDPE事件的发生是否受热带气旋影响将其分为TCfree-RDPE和TCaff-RDPE两类事件,其中TCaff-RDPE事件占42%且集中发生在8月4—5候;TCfree-RDPE事件以7月发生频数最多,占其总频次的1/2以上。TCfree-RDPE事件发生时,华南地区受异常气旋性环流控制,来自西太平洋和中国南海的暖湿气流与北方冷气团在此汇合并形成一条狭长的水汽辐合带,低层辐合、高层辐散,显著强烈的上升运动为TCfree-RDPE事件的发生与维持提供了有利条件;与此同时,波扰动能量由高原东北侧及河西走廊地区向华南一带传播并在华南显著辐合,有利于华南上空扰动的发展和维持。TCaff-RDPE事件发生时,华南上空由低层到高层的斜压环流结构更为明显,异常上升运动更加强烈,热带气旋在其运动过程中携带了大量源自孟加拉湾、中国南海和西太平洋地区的水汽并输送至华南地区,水汽辐合气流更为强盛。同时,波扰动能量由高纬度地区沿河西走廊向下游传播,但在华南地区辐合不甚明显。两类极端事件发生时,加热场上的差异亦明显。华南及邻近地区上空的大气净加热及其南侧大范围区域的净冷却所形成的加热场梯度对TCfree-RDPE事件的发生有利。而TCaff-RDPE事件发生时,〈Q₁〉和〈Q₂〉在经向上由18°N以南、华南及其邻近地区、32°N以北呈负—正—负的异常分布型,正距平值更高,加热场梯度更大,有利于TCaff-RDPE事件的维持。这些结果有利于人们认识和预测华南区域性日降水极端事件的发生。   相似文献   

中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

关伟  许淑婷 《地理学报》2015,70(6)

能源生态效率兼顾能源利用中的生态效益与经济效益,是对能源—环境—经济3E系统效率的度量。基于考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国1997-2012年省际能源生态效率进行测度,从空间格局规模、格局强度与格局纹理三个方面分析能源生态效率的空间分布特征和演变规律,运用空间计量模型验证中国省际能源生态效率的空间溢出效应及其影响因素。研究表明:1中国能源生态效率整体偏低,低效率省份约占40%,广东、海南、福建位于能源生态效率值的最前沿,宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆为主要的低能效地区。全国能源生态效率总体上呈U型演变格局,局部地区主要有增长型、波动型、突变型和平稳型等4种演变类型;2中国能源生态效率在省际尺度上表现出显著的全局与局部空间集聚特征,高高集聚区主要分布在东部沿海和南部沿海地区,低低集聚区主要分布在西北地区和黄河中游地区。空间格局的变化主要发生在高低集聚区与低高集聚区,其中又以京津冀地区的集聚类型演变最为显著;3中国能源生态效率存在着明显的空间效应,某一地区的能源生态效率对相邻地区的空间溢出程度均强于相邻地区的误差冲击对该地区的影响程度;在影响能源生态效率空间效应的诸多因素中,产业结构的影响最大。  相似文献   

基于晴空阈值法的全天空红外图像云量计算     

陈磊  张海波  石鹏飞  韩燕  关军 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2015,9(3):50-56

为提高新疆戈壁地区云的自动化观测水平,基于全天空红外成像仪(WSIRCMS)获取的红外辐射图像,利用辐射传输模式SBDART分析了仪器测量波段对有云无云状况的敏感性并构建了拟合方程,同时利用典型季节的晴空辐射样本拟合了晴空曲线并统计形成了晴空阈值,最后利用统计晴空阈值对全天空红外辐射图像进行云像素识别和总云量计算。将不同季节总云量计算结果同人工观测结果对比验证表明：观测时段算法计算总云量和人工观测总云量差值在±2成以下的概率均在80%以上,说明该方法具有较高的准确度和较强的实用性,在观测业务中具有较好的应用前景。  相似文献   

COMPARISONS OF CIRCULATION ANOMALIES BETWEEN THE DAILY PRECIPITATION EXTREME AND NON-EXTREME EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER IN BOREAL SUMMER   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

韩洁  管兆勇  李明刚 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(2):131-142

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and in situ meteorological observations of daily precipitation in boreal summer from 1979 to 2008, the features of circulation anomalies have been investigated using the composite analysis for the extreme events and non-extreme events of regional mean daily rainfall(RMDR) occurring over the midand lower- Yangtze valley(MLYV). The extreme RMDR(ERMDR) events are the events at and above the percentile99 in the rearranged time-series of the RMDR with ascending order of rainfall amount. The non-extreme RMDR events are those at the percentiles 90-85 and 80-75 separately. Our results suggest that the threshold value is 25 mm/day for the ERMDR at percentile 99. Precipitation at all the percentiles is found to occur more frequently in the Meiyu rainfall season in MLYV, and the ERMDR events have occurred with higher frequency since the 1990 s. For the percentiles-associated events, the MLYV is under the control of an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the mid- and lower- troposphere with vastly different anomalous circulation at higher levels. However, at both low and high levels, the ERMDR events-related anomalous circulation is stronger compared to that linked to the non-ERMDR events. The dominant sources of water vapor differ between the ERMDR and non-ERMDR events. During the ERMDR events plentiful water vapor is transported from the Bay of Bengal into the MLYV directly by divergence while there is distinctly increased water vapor from the South China Sea(SCS) in non-RMERMDR episodes. The diabatic heating rates < Q1>, < Q2> and< Q1>- < Q2> have their anomalous patterns and are consistent with each other for these percentiles but their strength decreases markedly with the drop of rainfall intensity. For the precipitation at percentiles 99 and 90-85, the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the Pacific distribute positively(negatively) in the south(north), and are stronger when the ERMDR emerges, with little or no SSTA as the events at percentile 80-75 occur. Besides, these results suggest that the genesis of the ERMDR event is directly related to intense local circulation anomalies and the circulation anomalies over the Pacific and SCS in tropical to mid-latitudes, and probably linked with the Pacific SSTA closely while the non-ERMDR events are mainly associated with the anomalous circulation on a local basis. The findings here help understand and predict the happening of ERMDR events over the MLYV.  相似文献   

DISCREPANCY OF THE GLOBAL AIR MASS AND WATER BUDGETS AMONG 20 CMIP5 CLIMATE MODELS     

秦育婧  卢楚翰  管兆勇  智海 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(3):265-275

The consistency of global atmospheric mass and water budget performance in 20 state-of-the-art ocean–atmosphere Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) coupled models has been assessed in a historical experiment. All the models realistically reproduce a climatological annual mean of global air mass (AM) close to the ERA-Interim AM during 1989–2005. Surprisingly, the global AM in half of the models shows nearly no seasonal variation, which does not agree with the seasonal processes of global precipitable water or water vapor, given the mass conservation constraint. To better understand the inconsistencies, we evaluated the seasonal cycles of global AM tendency and water vapor source (evaporation minus precipitation). The results suggest that the inconsistencies result from the poor balance between global AM tendency and water vapor source based on the global AM budget equation. Moreover, the cross-equatorial dry air mass ?ux, or hemispheric dry mass divergence, is not well represented in any of the 20 CMIP5 models, which show a poorly matched seasonal cycle and notably larger amplitude, compared with the hemispheric tendencies of dry AM in both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Pronounced erroneous estimations of tropical precipitation also occur in these models. We speculate that the large inaccuracy of precipitation and possibly evaporation in the tropics is one of the key factors for the inconsistent cross-equatorial mass ?ux. A reasonable cross-equatorial mass ?ux in well-balanced hemispheric air mass and moisture budgets remains a challenge for both reanalysis assimilation systems and climate modeling.  相似文献   

多普勒雷达风场资料在临近预报中的应用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

刘红艳  魏鸣  管理 《大气科学学报》2015,38(4):483-491

为了研究对流单体移动的运动学和动力学特征,本文综合应用多普勒雷达反射率因子资料和径向速度资料进行雷达回波的外推预报.采用速度方位显示方法(Velocity Azimuth Display,VAD)和交叉相关法(Tracking Radar Echoes by Correlation,TREC),分别得到设定的8个高度的水平风场,并作为回波的引导风,对相应高度的等高平面位置显示(Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicating,CAPPI)反射率因子进行外推.通过两次降水过程分析比较两种方法的外推结果,表明用这两种方法获得的未来60 min内的回波位置与回波实况较吻合;二者在某些高度上预报的评分接近.从两个个例的外推试验发现,预报效果最好的高度层与实际天气过程有关,关键是与降水回波中水平风的垂直分布有关,而不仅仅限于2.5～3.0 km高度.  相似文献